More than 840,000 people die each year from health conditions linked to job strain, such as long working hours, job insecurity and workplace harassment, according to a new International Labour Organization (ILO) study.
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These psychosocial risks can cause depression, burnout and cancer among workers, while companies are in turn hit with lower staff retention, suffering work performance and absenteeism.
While cardiovascular diseases cause most of the attributable deaths, mental disorders are most likely to cause workers to lose healthy life years, reflecting their chronic and disabling nature.
This results in an estimated loss of 1.37% of global GDP and of 1.43% in Europe and Central Asia, the second-highest region worldwide.
In Europe, nearly one in three workers reports job-related stress, depression or anxiety, with women reporting these problems more frequently than men.
Stigma around mental health remains a major global barrier to prevention and support at work, according to the ILO report.
In the EU, the annual costs of work-related depression are estimated to exceed €100 billion, with employers bearing more than 80% of the burden.
More than six in 10 workers in Greece, Cyprus, France and Italy fear negative consequences if they discuss mental health with their manager, according to a 2025 survey by the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work.
In contrast, in the Nordic countries, around eight in 10 workers feel comfortable doing so.
Autonomy in the workplace
Other research sheds light on how in control of their working lives Europeans feel.
In Europe, half of men report having some control over their working hours, compared with 43% of women, according to a 2025 Eurofound study.
Meanwhile, 17% of workers in the EU report a lack of autonomy or influence over work pace and processes.
Europeans are also split on whether they believe technology to be a help or a hindrance in the workplace.
Some 48% say that it sets the work pace, while 19% say it reduces opportunities to use their knowledge and skills, and 16% say it limits decision‑making, according to the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work.
Across Europe, the share of workers reporting monotonous work tasks increased from 39% in 1995 to 48% in 2024.
Sectoral results at the EU level indicate particularly high exposure in agriculture (60%), transport (56%) and commerce and hospitality (53%).
